Kemal Ataturk, Revolutionary and Founder of Modern Turkey
Mustafa Kemal's ambition was to liberate Turkey from ancient beliefs which he believed made it backward and prevented it from joining the modern world.
Kemal...
The 1982 Israeli Invasion of Lebanon – Back Story
The operational objectives of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 are relatively well known, less so the complex back story to the event.
On...
Ancient Phoenician City of Byblos, Lebabon
Byblos, an ancient Phoenician city located on Lebanon's Mediterranean coast has been settled since Neolithic times. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
UNESCO’s...
History of the Veil in Early Islam: Prestige and Segregation of the Muslim Female
At the time of the dawn of Islam, women of high status in greater Arabia followed the Mesopotamian practice of veiling to indicate their...
The First Caliphs and the Rise of the Islamic Empire
When Muhammad died unexpectedly in 632 CE no one was in place to take over leadership of the expanding Islamic world. The resulting power...
Unilateral Approach to River Jordan Resource Development in 1950s
Following the War of Independence (Nakba), riparian neighbours took the unilateral approach to the use of the River Jordan as an essential water resource.
At...
British Interest in Iraq in the Early 20th Century
The area known today as "Iraq" grew in importance for leaders of the British Empire during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
During...
The Ottoman Harem – Concubines, Odalisques and Eunuchs
The fascinating world of the beautiful women that lived to satisfy and entertain the Sultan at the Ottoman court, surrounded by castrated slaves.
During the...
Flavius Josephus Early Jewish and Roman History: Historical Resources
Flavius Josephus, was born Joseph the son of Matthias, in Jerusalem in 37 CE. His autobiography tells of a three-year period living in the...
The Legendary Origins of Coffee
Not much is known about the early history of coffee, and many tall tales and legends have arisen to fill in the blanks of...