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The Avignon Papacy: Babylonian Captivity of the Church 1309 – 1377
The Avignon papacy, sometimes called the “Babylonian Captivity of the Church,” lasted from 1309 to 1377. This period reflected a growing loss of power...
The Courtenay Coal Torpedo: The Confederacy’s Secret Civil War Weapon
The coal torpedo was developed by Thomas Edgeworth Courtenay of St. Louis who, prior to the American Civil War, operated a successful shipping business...
The Destruction of the Knights Templar: The Guilty French King and the Scapegoat Pope
The destruction of the Knights Templar came as a result of greed on the part of the French king, Philip IV, and not at...